2024考研英语同源外刊1月:干枯的河流
A model of the world’s rivers and streams has been developed to predict which of these watercourses flow all year round and which go dry. The analysis shows that rivers and streams that run dry are ubiquitous throughout the world:（人们）已经开发了一个世界河流和小溪的模型，用于预测这些水系中哪些全年都在流动，哪些会干涸。分析显示，干涸的河流和小溪在全球范围内普遍存在。
The flowing waters of surface rivers and streams efficiently transport sediment, organic material and nutrients, among other things, from hillsides and overland areas to downstream lakes, reservoirs and the ocean. Along the way, rivers and streams provide important resources for our communities and support rich, complex ecosystems. Non-perennial streams, which do not flow year-round, are crucial in this context.
地表河流和小溪的流动水体有效地运输沉积物、有机物质和营养物质等，从山坡和陆地区域到下游湖泊、水库和海洋。在此过程中，河流和小溪为我们的社区提供重要资源，并支持丰富而复杂的生态系统。在这一背景下，四季不断流动的非多年生小溪至关重要。
However, because non-perennial streams are less reliable sources of surface water than perennial ones, they are less-well studied than their perennial counterparts:
但是，由于四季不断流动的小溪在表面水源方面不如多年生的可靠，因此它们的研究相对较少。
Messager and colleagues combined streamflow data from sites around the world with information describing the hydrology, climate, physical geography and land cover at those sites, to model the probability that water does not flow for at least one day per year. They then expanded their predictions to all stream segments recorded in a global stream-network database (RiverATLAS):
Messager及其同事将来自世界各地站点的水流数据与描述这些站点的水文、气候、地理和土地覆盖的信息相结合，以建模水每年至少有一天不流动的概率。然后，他们将预测扩展到记录在全球河流网络数据库（RiverATLAS）中的所有河流段。
The authors report that 51–60% of the world’s streams do not flow for at least one day per year, and that 44–53% of global stream length is dry for at least one month (about 30 days) each year:
作者报告称，全球51-60%的河流每年至少有一天不流动，全球44-53%的河流长度每年至少有一个月（约30天）处于干燥状态。
Their modelling shows that non-perennial streams occur in all climates and biomes on every continent. The model also shows that 95% of the stream network in hot, dry regions — which represent 10% of the global landmass — runs dry each year. Astonishingly, even segments of major rivers, such as the Niger River in West Africa, are predicted to dry up in these arid regions:
他们的模型显示，四季不断流动的小溪在每个大洲的所有气候和生态群落中都存在。该模型还显示，在炎热干旱的地区，占全球陆地面积10%的地方，95%的河流网络每年都会干涸。令人惊讶的是，甚至包括非洲西部的尼日尔河在内的一些重要河流段也被预测会在这些干旱地区干涸。
The vast prevalence of non-perennial streams in such locations highlights how even streams that do not flow continuously substantially affect water availability and water quality. The results emphasize the need for more-detailed maps of perennial and non-perennial flows at regional and local scales, and for further studies of how non-perennial streams affect overall water availability and quality.
在这些地方四季不断流动的小溪的普遍存在突显了即使是那些不持续流动的小溪也会对水的供应和水质产生重大影响。结果强调了在区域和局部范围内制定更详细的多年生和非多年生流动地图的需求，以及对非多年生小溪如何影响整体水资源和水质的进一步研究。
Small headwater streams (those that have no tributaries) make up 70–80% of stream length worldwide, similar to the way in which the collective length of one’s fingers is much greater than the length of the palm of the hand:
全球范围内没有支流的小源流占据了70-80%的河流长度，类似于人的手指总长度远大于手掌长度的方式。
Messager and co-workers’ model predicts that, even in the wettest regions, such as the Amazon River basin and portions of central Africa and southeast Asia, up to 35% of these headwater streams stop flowing at some point in the year:
Messager及其同事的模型预测，即使在最湿润的地区，例如亚马逊河流域和中非以及东南亚的部分地区，高达35%的这些源头小溪在某个时候会停止流动。
However, it should be noted that headwater streams are monitored by relatively few stream gauges, which tend to be located on larger, perennial rivers downstream. The model might therefore provide highly uncertain estimates for the upstream regions of stream networks:
但是，应该注意到，相对较少的河流测量仪表监测着源头小溪，而这些测量仪表通常位于下游较大、多年生的河流上。因此，该模型对河流网络上游地区可能提供高度不确定的估计。
Lack of streamflow data is a common problem for the modelling of headwater streams, and so data-collection efforts are being implemented to fill this knowledge gap:
缺乏河流流量数据是对源头小溪建模的常见问题，因此正在进行数据收集工作以填补这一知识空白。
Stream gauges are also scarce for non-perennial streams more generally. In Messager and colleagues’ analysis, for instance, there were no gauges in non-perennial streams in Argentina; just one in New Zealand; and 10 in the United States Pacific Northwest, out of a network of 250 gauges:
对于四季不断流动的小溪，河流测量仪表也相对较少。例如，在Messager及其同事的分析中，在阿根廷的非多年生小溪中没有河流测量仪表，新西兰只有一个，美国太平洋西北部有10个，而这个地区有250个测量仪表网络。
To improve models that map perennial and non-perennial streams, low-cost field observations will be needed, coupled with the development of high-resolution remote-sensing technology that frequently detects — or at least predicts — surface flow in streams:
为了改善多年生和非多年生小溪的地图模型，需要进行低成本的野外观测，并结合开发高分辨率遥感技术，该技术能够频繁地检测——或至少预测——小溪中的地表流动。
Messager and co-workers’ analysis provides a robust, quantitative confirmation of the ubiquity of non-perennial rivers. Their results indicate the need for a fundamental change in the fields of river and stream science and management, in which non-perennial streams have been largely overlooked:
Messager及其同事的分析为四季不断流动的河流的无处不在提供了坚实的定量证实。他们的结果表明，在河流和小溪科学与管理领域，四季不断流动的小溪大多数时候被忽视，需要进行根本性的变革。
In arid regions, the predominance of non-perennial streams might be a major driver of water availability and quality. And in areas where services developed by humans are not readily available, ecosystem services such as flowing water in streams are used to meet basic needs and will, in part, determine the well-being and prosperity of people in that area. The new findings therefore shine a light on the need for global accounting of both perennial and non-perennial streams:
在干旱地区，四季不断流动的小溪的优势可能是水资源和水质的主要驱动因素。在人类服务不容易获得的地区，流动水等生态系统服务被用于满足基本需求，并在一定程度上决定了该地区人们的福祉和繁荣。因此，这些新发现突显了全球对多年生和非多年生小溪进行核算的需求。
Moreover, changes in the distribution of streams can have far-reaching impacts on carbon and biogeochemical cycles at global and continental scales, and on the survival of stream-dwelling organisms, including many endangered species. A global benchmark of the prevalence of perennial and non-perennial streams is therefore crucial for evaluating the effects of future changes in their distribution associated with climate and land-use change.
此外，溪流分布的变化可能对全球和大陆范围内的碳和生物地球化学循环以及包括许多濒危物种在内的溪流生物的生存产生深远影响。因此，多年生和非多年生溪流流行率的全球基准对于评估未来与气候和土地利用变化相关的分布变化的影响至关重要。
重点词汇的翻译和例句：
ubiquitous (adj.) - 普遍存在的
Example: Air pollution is ubiquitous in large cities around the world.
ubiquity (n.) - 普遍存在
Example: The ubiquity of smartphones has transformed how we communicate.
hydrology (n.) - 水文学
Example: The hydrology of the region plays a crucial role in determining water availability.
biome (n.) - 生态群落
Example: The tropical rainforest is a unique biome with high biodiversity.
perennial (adj.) - 常年的，四季不断的
Example: Evergreen trees are examples of perennial plants that retain their leaves throughout the year.
streamflow (n.) - 河流流量
Example: Scientists monitor streamflow to understand the dynamics of river ecosystems.
headwater (n.) - 源头，河源
Example: The headwater of the river is often the purest source of water.
gauges (n.) - 仪表，测量仪器
Example: The weather station is equipped with various gauges to measure temperature and humidity.
remote-sensing (n.) - 遥感技术
Example: Satellite imagery relies on remote-sensing technology to monitor changes in the Earth's surface.
far-reaching (adj.) - 深远的
Example: The new policy will have far-reaching implications for the economy.
长难句翻译：
原文： "Moreover, changes in the distribution of streams can have far-reaching impacts on carbon and biogeochemical cycles at global and continental scales, and on the survival of stream-dwelling organisms, including many endangered species."
翻译： 此外，河流分布的变化可能对全球和大陆尺度的碳和生物地球化学循环产生深远的影响，同时对栖息在河流中的生物，包括许多濒临灭绝的物种的生存产生影响。
综上是“2024考研英语同源外刊1月:干枯的河流”，希望对备战2024考研考生们有所帮助!让我们乘风破浪，终抵彼岸，考研加油!
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