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       2020考研英语同源外刊精选文章，其目的是为提升2020考研学子们的阅读能力而总结的资料。以下是北京文都考研网挑出的考研英语同源外刊8月:洁净与道德，供考生参考。

2020考研英语同源外刊8月:洁净与道德

When people are asked to list their favorite metaphor, they typically cite great works of poetry, literature or speech. Indeed, many metaphors are born from creative insight. But there is more to metaphor than this. Some metaphors are not literary creations at all—instead they seem to be built from the ground up, given to us by experience. Metaphors of this sort—linking the abstract to the concrete, perceptual, and instinctive—were studied systematically by the UC-Berkley cognitive linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson, at Brown University.

当要求人们列出其最喜欢的比喻时，他们通常都会引用诗词，文学或是演讲中的名作。诚然，许多比喻都来自于创造性的洞察力。但是比喻远不止于此。一些比喻根本不是文学创作——相反，它们似乎从最基本的开始生成，源于我们的经验所得。加州大学伯克利分校的认知语言学家乔治·雷可夫和布朗大学的哲学家马克·詹森系统地研究了这种比喻——它们将抽象的事物同具体、感性且直觉的事物相联系。

What they and others realized is that our concepts are fundamentally shaped by the fact that our minds reside in fleshy, physical bodies. As a result, even our most abstract concepts often have an “embodied” structure. In a classic example, people seem to understand moral virtue as if it were similar to physical cleanliness. To be virtuous is to be physically clean and free from the impurity that is sin. As the University of Pennsylvania psychologist and disgust expert Paul Rozin has shown, experiencing morality in terms of the embodied dimension of infection can lead to some striking behaviors, such as the refusal to wear a sweater belonging to an evil person because it seems somehow contaminated by the evil essence of that person.

他们以及其他人意识到，我们的思想存在于血肉之躯这一事实从根本上塑造了我们的观念。其结果是，甚至连我们最抽象的观念也拥有一种“具身”结构。典型的例子为：人们似乎认为美德同身体洁净是相似的。为了获得美德不仅要保持身体的清洁还要远离那些污秽罪恶之事。正如宾夕法尼亚大学心理学家、反感情绪专家保罗·罗詹指出，从传染的具身角度来体验道德经常会导致人们做出一些异乎寻常的举动，例如拒绝穿一件属于道德败坏之人的毛衣，因为它在某种程度上似乎被那个人的邪恶本质污染了。

It's clear that people talk about morality in purity terms—whether explicitly expressing concerns about contamination by evil or asserting that one's “conscience is clean”—but do they also experience morality that way? Could it be that the embodied structure of morality operates covertly to guide moral judgment and behavior?

很明显人们在用表示洁净度的词汇谈论道德——不管是公然地表达对于罪恶玷污的担忧，还是宣称某人的“良心是干净的”——但他们是否也如此体验道德呢?是否正是道德具身结构在暗中引导道德判断和道德行为呢?

Simone Schnall, psychologist at the University of Plymouth, and her colleagues have demonstrated just how this can happen.Having shown in previous studies that inducing disgust or a sense of dirtiness can make people's moral judgments more severe, they set out to explore the opposite. Might physical cleanliness encourage less severe moral judgments?To test this idea, they had participants read brief vignettes describing morally questionable behaviors, such as falsifying information on a resume.Prior to reading and responding to these vignettes, “cleanliness” was induced either through the activation of purity-related concepts or through the direct experience of hand-washing.

普利茅斯大学的心理学家西蒙娜·史诺与其同事已展示了这是怎么发生的。先前研究已表明诱发厌恶感或肮脏感会使道德判断变得更加严格，而他们则试图探究其对立面。有形的洁净有可能激发相对宽松的道德判断么?为了验证这一想法，他们让参加实验的人阅读了一些描述道德上有争议的短文，例如在简历上编造虚假信息。在阅读并对这些短文做出反应之前，通过激发与洁净有关的各种观念或是通过洗手的直接经验来唤起“洁净”概念。

They found that the experience of “cleanliness”—either through the subtle priming of concepts about cleanliness or by actual cleaning—reduced people's tendencies to see the behaviors described in the vignettes as morally wrong. Apparently, participants' sense of physical purity influenced their evaluations of the actions of others. When they themselves were clean and pure, so were others.

他们发现，“洁净”的经历——通过事先对洁净观念的巧妙准备或者通过实际的清洁行为——降低了人们将短文中描写的行为视作不道德行为的倾向。显然，实验参与者身体的洁净感觉影响了他们对他人行为的评价。当他们自己清洁纯净时，(他们认为)其他人也是如此。

This finding contributes to our emerging understanding of the embodied structure of morality. As this finding illustrates, cleanliness—with all its physical manifestations—is part of the concept of virtue. However useful the metaphor of moral purity may be for talking about morality, it does much more—it also infuses the concept of morality itself and may even be fundamental to moral meaning. It's hard even to imagine a disembodied, purity-free conception of virtue. More than a rhetorical tool, embodied metaphor shapes the very way we experience the world.

此项发现为我们对道德具身结构的新理解做出了贡献。正如这一发现所阐述，洁净——及其所有的外在显示——是美德观念的组成部分。无论道德纯净的比喻对于有关道德的讨论用处有多大，它的作用远不止于此——它也引入了道德观念本身，甚至可能成为道德含义的基础。我们很难设想一种非具身的、与洁净无关的美德观念。具身比喻不仅是一种修辞手法，它也影响了我们体验世界的方式。

 

【重点词汇】

1.metaphor [ˈmetəfə(r)] n. 暗喻;隐喻

2.insight [ˈɪnsaɪt] n. 洞察力;领悟]

3.from the ground up 自下而上，源自底层

4.perceptual [pəˈseptʃuəl] a. 知觉的;感知的

5.contaminate [kənˈtæmɪneɪt] v. 污染

6.conscience [ˈkɒnʃəns] n. 良心

7.falsify [ˈfɔ:lsɪfaɪ] v. 篡改，伪造

8.activation [ˌæktɪ'veɪʃn] n. 激活

9.disembodied [ˌdɪsɪmˈbɒdid] a. 无实体的

10.covertly ['kʌvətlɪ] ad. 暗中地，偷偷地

11.vignette [vɪnˈjet] n. 短文

12.priming ['praɪmɪŋ] n. 事先准备，事先指点

       考研英语想要阅读提升快，不仅需要看考研英语同源外刊，还需单词和语法有一定的持续温习。上述是给出的“2020考研英语同源外刊8月:洁净与道德”，希望对2020考研者，在复习英语科目上有所帮助!

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