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2020考研英语重点语法知识:定语从句

时间:2019-07-19 16:20:10 编辑:leichenchen

       考研英语复习中,离不开要涉及到拾起英语语法知识。那么我们怎样做,才能做到事倍功半呢?这里,小编建议考生紧扣《考研英语大纲》,提炼重点,从基础部分突破。只有目的明确才能让英语备考不偏离方向。下面是为2020考研者,整理了考研英语重点语法知识:定语从句,供考生参考。

2020考研英语重点语法知识:定语从句

一、定义

定语从句是指在句中作定语成份,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。

二、定语从句的结构

定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。

A.关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(1)who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

(2)whose 用作关系词表示所属格,也可看作是关系形容词,因为它后面必须接一个名词,不能单独使用。例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

请递给我那本绿皮的书。

(3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

B.关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

(1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

(2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

C.限制性和非限制性定语从句

(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

(2)当先行词由专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

D.介词+关系词

(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

(2)that前不能有介词。

(3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when、where 或why互换。

E.as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首,which在句中。

例如:

As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.

如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。

F.as 的用法

(1)the same...as;such...as 中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如:

I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。

(2)as可引导非限制性从句,通常表示“正如”的意思。例如:

As in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.

像你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米。

G.关系代词that 的用法

(1)不用that的情况

a)引导非限制性定语从句时。例如:

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b)介词后不能用。例如:

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

我们依赖土地获得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)当先行词为something, everything, anything, nothing, all, much, many, some, any, few, little, none, one等不定代词时,定语从句引导词多为that;

I am interested in all that you have told me.

我对你跟我讲的所有东西都感兴趣。

b)当先行词由the only, the very, the last等词修饰时,定语从句引导词多为that;

Food isn’t the only problem (that) such a population explosion presents.

粮食还不是这种人口爆炸所引起的唯一问题。

c)先行词被序数词修饰时,定语从句引导词多为that;

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Truck Hill.

在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

d)当先行词由形容词最高级修饰时,定语从句引导词多为that。

This is the best article that has ever been written on the subject.

关于这个课题,到目前为止这篇文章写得较好。

H.其他情况

(1) 先行词和关系词二合一

a) Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(whoever可以用anyone who 代替)

在公共场所随地吐痰的人会在此受罚。

b) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)

父母会倾其所有把他们的孩子送到技术学校。

(2) what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

a) what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:

What you want has been sent here.

你要的东西都送来了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me.

不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。

       以上是北京文都考研网给出的“2020考研英语重点语法知识:定语从句”,希望对考生在公共课英语的复习上面有所帮助!祝2020考研顺利!

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